Article and Game Essay Example for Free

Article and Game Essay Jenna Winckler had eight kills to pace Andes Central in its 3-1 triumph over Bridgewater-Emery Monday night. The Eagles won by scores of 15-25, 25-7, 25-20, and 25-15. Amy Chykta had four help pros and 10 set helps, and Danielle Walder had 13 burrows for Andes Central. Jessie VanLeur drove the Huskies with five assistance experts, seven executes, and three squares. Robbie Letcher had nine slaughters, and Kayla Olinger paced the guard with 16 burrows. The Eagles are currently 4-7 and host Scotland today. Bridgewater-Emery is 2-3 and hosts Freeman today around evening time in Emery. Andes Central’s JV likewise dominated its game over the Huskies by scores of 25-17 and 15-15. You might need to utilize the above article as a rule for future volleyball stories. Notice that the main players’ murders, administration experts, set helps, and squares are referenced. Since our paper comes out just once every month, we won’t stress over the following game or the record on the grounds that these most likely wouldn’t be precise when individuals read the paper. The following are some activity action words that will make your games features and articles livelier: SmashScoreShaveEarn TrounceFly byBattle withSqueak Past PulverizeSoar AboveSlide byBlast. TrampleSail PastSneak PastShatter Write 10 equivalents for the word beat that could be utilized in the accompanying feature: Eagles Beat the Hawks. Compose 3 better forms of the accompanying sentence: Jenna had 11 bounce back, Chrissie had 9, and Casandra had 7. Take a stab at solid, clear words and assortment. * Write 3 better forms of the accompanying sentence: Derrick had 22 focuses, Colter had 21 focuses, and Colten had 20 focuses. Make progress toward solid, striking words and assortment. * Write 3 better forms of the accompanying sentence: The Eagles lost to the Hawks. (Don't hesitate to change the subject request, whenever wanted. Ideally, we will never need to utilize one of these sentences, yet in the event that we do, we need to be as prudent as could reasonably be expected. ) * Number the run of the mill request of how realities are written in a games article. Which should start things out, second, and so forth. (Indication: The date ought to never be first! ) _____ when _____ who_____ what _____ coach’s remarks _____ where_____ how_____ why Sports Article Template http://www. weeklyreader. com/pdfs/sportsunit. pdf Before you can effectively compose a games article, you should have the option to dismember one. Select a short article that intrigues you from the games area of your neighborhood paper. Peruse it cautiously and mark it utilizing the accompanying classifications. Mark Definition/Example LEAD The lead of a games article is innovative and intriguing. It catches the reader’s eye by portraying a scene, presenting a player, or utilizing a statement. It should ship you to the game. Model: An overwhelming quiet covered Fenway Park in Boston. The fans in the pressed arena stood quietly, side by side under a charcoal-dim sky, as Manny Ramirez, the grand slam hitting Red Sox outfielder, took care of business. There were two outs and two men on base. The Sox were losing by one run. NUT The nut of a games article is the section that sums up the primary clash and story. It is the spot for indispensable data that doesn’t show up in the first paragraphâ€and if a peruser needed to quit perusing now, they should leave with all the fundamental answers. Model: This was the last round of the 2003 American League Championship Series between the Boston Red Sox and their archrival, the New York Yankees. Not since 1918 had the Red Sox progressed to the World Seriesâ€and fans were watching anxiously to see whether the revile would be broken. This was not to be. INFORMATIONThe body of a games article seems like a genuine news (Who, What, When,article. It incorporates total data and subtleties Where, Why, How)about a game, in sensible request. Model: Who was the headliner? How did the game end? What was the last play? The triumphant score? End The end tells the peruser what will occur because of the occasions portrayed. It does as such in an inventive and fascinating manner. Model: Everyone was shocked when the ball arrived in Bernie Williams’s glove. An aggregate moan ascended from the Red Sox fans. Their group had lost. The Yankees had won once more. Instructions to Write a Game Story Writing Your Game Story http://www. joomple. com/how-to-compose secondary school-game-story. htm The data introduced here discloses how to compose a fundamental secondary school (or other) sports article. You can apply this data to composing game stories, articles, or other general news about your secondary school sports group. A nights ago game, one weeks from now signings (competitors affirming their goals to go to a specific school), up and coming contentions, or other general, newsworthy pieces can be posted on Joomple. Secondary school game stories are anything but difficult to compose, when you get its hang. Essentially, a secondary school sporting event story has an opening and shutting section with the body of the story in the middle. Sick tell you the best way to do this in a moment. In any case, first . . . A significant piece of good news coverage is to guarantee there is no inclination towards one group. At the end of the day, in the event that you are from one school which is playing another, do whatever it takes not to concentrate on your school as the best group. Be reasonable for each schools group. In the event that your group pounds the competition, you can make reference to that. In any case, if your group is beat by the competition, notice that. Simply be reasonable and unbiased. Dont use terms like we or they. Once more, this demonstrates your proprietorship to one of the groups. we were down 14-0 is certainly not a decent explanation. The Eagles were down 14-0 is the best strategy. Opening The initial passage ought to recognize the who, what, when, where, and how of the occasion. Everybody knows the why each group needs to win! In this way, for the most part there is no why in secondary school (or other) sports articles. The initial section ought to be no longer than two or three sentences three and no more. Ideally, one sentence will carry out the responsibility. Alongside the title, the underlying passage will catch your perusers eye, making them need to understand more. It needs to incorporate the town or city (in tops) and the date. (WE WON’T USE THEIR STYLE FOR THIS PART. ) Here is a model: AUTAUGAVILLE August 26, 2007: Junior RB Mike Smith scrambled for 186 yards and scored three TDs to assist Akron with vanquishing Autaugaville 38-14 in tonights secondary school football season opener at James Memorial Stadium. You can see that I have the name of the town and date recorded first in this configuration: AUTAUGAVILLE August 26, 2007: Next, I decided to recognize one of the games headliners, Smith, stressing his achievements. I additionally recognized the two groups, last score, and name of the arena. Notice that I likewise referenced it was a football match-up. This is significant for a few reasons. Principally, your perusers may not understand you are alluding to a football match-up. Clearly, you cannot score TDs anyplace else! In any case, the entirety of your articles ought to show the game played during the initial passage. Your opening can begin in heap ways. Here is another model, concentrating on the groups/mascots: AUTAUGAVILLE August 26, 2007: Akron accumulated in excess of 600 yards in all out offense and held Autaugaville to under 50 as the Rams annihilated the Eagles 38-0 in tonights football opener at James Memorial Stadium. Notice how I referenced the names and mascots, however peppered all through the sentence. Both of these two could fill in as an initial passage regardless of whether they are only one sentence long. Others will function admirably. It just takes practice. The significant thing to recall is you have to promptly catch the perusers eye. You can do that by distinguishing who played (Akron and Autaugaville), what they were playing (secondary school football) and what the result was (38-0), when it occurred (August 26, 2007 and additionally tonights), where it occurred (James Memorial Stadium), and how (Akron accumulated 600 yards). Body The body of your game story will diagram significant pieces of the game, huge achievements of players (counting progressively about the headliner you referenced in your opening), and other game explicit data. Incorporate scoring exhibitions, plays, drives, details, objectives, shooting/hitting/batting/surging rates, and other game information. Likewise, dont falter to construct the setting for the game. Remember the quantity of fans for participation, temperature, climate, and so forth. Here is a model: More than 5,000 Autaugaville fans invited the Rams to the noteworthy 50th gathering between the two groups. With the temperature at a cold 48 degrees at the opening shot, the pressed arena woke up when the groups took the conveniently manicured field. Akron opened the game with a 6-minute, 9-play, 68-yard drive bringing about a Rams touchdown. Taking the ball at the Akron 32-yard line, Rams senior QB William Braxter finished 5 of 5 passes, moving the ball to the Eagles 44. At that point Smith beat Autaugavilles safeguard on three runs, and the Rams were first and objective at the 8-yard line. Braxter then discovered junior WR Dale McDonald at the edge of the end zone for the score. Kicker Daniel Washburnes PAT put Akron up 7-0. Constraining the Eagles to punt late in the main quarter, Akrons Smith broke free for a 81-yard TD run on the Rams second play from scrimmage. Washburnes kick was acceptable, making it a 14-0 ball game. Autaugaville scored late in the half when junior DE Billy Stewart sacked Akrons Braxter, compelling a bungle. Colleague senior Safety Matt Wilson grabbed the free ball and returned it for 56 yards and the score. Senior kicker Dallas Petrowskis kick split the uprights to bring the Eagles inside 7. Akrons Smith scrambled for 144 yards on 8 conveys during the primary half, while partner QB Braxter was close to consummate finishing 12 of 13 go for 345 yards. The Eagles were held to only 15 yards surging and 27 yards going in the primary half. We immediately found their auxiliary was anything but difficult to enter, said Akrons Braxter after the game. I continued finding my recipients open and obviously, took advantag

The Women s Rights Movement Essay Maddy

The Women s Rights Movement Essay Maddy The Women s Rights Movement Essay Maddy Madison Bateman Mrs. Collins Square 4 June 2, 2015 Top Ten People, Places, and Events: The Women’s Rights Movement The Women’s Rights Movement is one of the numerous significant occasions ever. It has given ladies rights that they never figured they could have. Individuals like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony made them conceivable. These ladies battled for what they knew ought to be theirs, and what they knew was conceivable, they helped give ladies the option to cast a ballot and made men consider ladies to be rises to. There were numerous ladies and men who made these things conceivable and they kept on battling for correspondence in any event, when they were repelled, placed in prison, and declined on the grounds that the pioneers that ran these developments would not take no for an answer. Susan B. Anthony was conceived on February 15, 1820 in Massachusetts. At the point when she developed mature enough to live on her own she lived in a piece of upstate New York that would later be known as â€Å"Burn D istrict†. The consume area is the place strict recoveries and where the arrangement of new strict developments happened. In 1853 Anthony started to campaign for the extension of wedded women’s property rights. In 1856 she joined the American Anti-Slavery Society and in 1890 she joined the National American Women’s Suffrage Association close by the individuals who were eager to battle for previous slaves. Anthony and different supporters were captured for deciding on 1872, she was held for bail $1000 bail. Anthony has a dollar coin stamped in her respect. Susan B. Anthony died on March 13, 1906. Alice Paul was the pioneer of the most activist wing of the ladies testimonial development. She was conceived in 1885 to an affluent Quaker family in New Jersey. In 1910 she joined the National American Women’s Suffrage Association as the seat of the congressional board. On March 3 out of 1913 she and a portion of her partners composed a testimonial presentation to divert individuals from President Wilson’s introduction. The more traditionalist ladies of the NAWSA objected and got disappointed with the exposure stunts that Paul built so she left and began her own development, close by Lucy Burns, the congressional association, which later turned into The National Women’s Party. In 1920 Alice proposed an Equal Rights Amendment to the constitution, â€Å"Men and ladies will have equivalent rights all through the United States†, and today it has still never been endorsed. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was one of the essential women’s rights activists of the n ineteenth century. She was conceived on November 12, 1815 in upstate New York. After she wedded abolitionist, Henry Brewster, they headed out to the world abolitionist servitude show in London where they were dismissed and informed that female representatives were unwanted. In 1848 Stanton and individual reformers sorted out the women’s rights show in Seneca Falls, New York. In 1895 she distributed the main volume of a progressively populist women’s book of scriptures. Stanton died in 1902; today a sculpture is devoted to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Lucretia Mott remains in the US legislative center. Lucy Stone was conceived in Massachusetts in 1818. She was a spearheading abolitionist and women’s-rights extremist, she is most popular for declining to change her name when she wedded abolitionist Henry Blackwell in 1855. Stone moved on from Oberlin College in 1847 and turned into a voyaging speaker for the American Anti-Slavery Society. In 1871, Stone and Blackwell distributed the week by week women's activist paper, The Woman’s Journal. Stone died in 1893, the women’s diary made due until 1931. Ida B. Wells was conceived in Mississippi in 1862, she is most popular for her work as a battling writer and hostile to lynching extremist. Wells worked for the dark paper, The Free Speech. In 1892 she left Memphis after an irate crowd destroyed the workplaces of The Free Speech and took steps to murder her is she at any point returned. In 1913 she arranged to join the testimonial procession through President Wilson’s introduction, yet coordinators requested that her not come: a portion of the white ladies wouldn’t walk

God Must Be Crazy free essay sample

The film â€Å"The divine beings must be crazy† shows how societies vary in each spot, especially the occupants of Kalahari Desert and the humanized individuals in the city. The film the Gods Must Be Crazy is about social dissemination. Individuals of Kalahari Desert carried on with a straightforward life a long way from the pitilessness of individuals. The Bushmen were of the Hunter-Gatherer Society implying that one would not depend on household assets to get palatable food, plants, and even creatures yet they would utilize their own apparatuses and focal points to accomplish such things. They were exceptionally thankful for what they were given on this planet and had an utilization for nearly everything that profited them for endurance and bliss. They don't request more, rather they utilize things around them. I can even say that they are acceptable individuals. Then again, the edified individuals have a totally different culture. We will compose a custom exposition test on God Must Be Crazy or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They even wreckage things up, similar to the individuals who attacked the city and slaughtered guiltless lives. In the start of the film we are acquainted with a clan that is separated from everything else. One of the clan individuals happens to locate a vacant glass bottle that obviously tumbled from a plane, however the clan part accepts that it tumbled from the sky and that it was a blessing from the divine beings. Energetically he shows the various clan individuals the blessing from the divine beings however none of them appear to recognize what it is. So they promptly find different utilizations for the jug and it gets utilized for everything. They utilized it to make music, hack food, yet they never really drank out of it. Because of its different uses everybody needed to utilize the jug yet there was one in particular which made them need to share. Clearly they werent extremely used to sharing which caused contentions over who could utilize the contain and they would end harming one another. In a flash they reprimanded the container for their battling and the jug went from being a blessing from the divine beings to it being a discipline. The jug was a case of social dispersion since it was spread from the city to a disconnected human progress that was curious about it. Social  dissemination has happened with numerous thing that we utilize now a days. For instance our letters in order comprises of 26 letters simply like the Phoenician letters in order. Phoenician words are regularly found in Greek and Latin old style written works. Egyptian, Akkadian, Arabic, and Hebrew were additionally affected by the Phoenician letters in order. Accordingly now and in those days social dissemination has impacted our lives for the most part for the great.

In Christa Wolfs Cassandra, the story of the fall of Troy is cleverly

In Christa Wolf's Cassandra, the account of the fall of Troy is keenly retold in a monolog that centers around male controlled society and war. In Christa Wolf's Cassandra, the account of the fall of Troy is keenly retold in a monolog that centers around male controlled society and war. The tale tells the story of the Trojan War through the eyes of Cassandra, who is the girl of Priam and detainee of Agamemnon. While perusing the book, the peruser must consider what changes Troy is experiencing previously furthermore, after the war. In the months paving the way to the war, changes to Troy were at that point beginning to create as its pressure with Greece expanded. Notwithstanding, these progressions didn't get evident until after the war was done. In the first place, Troy was intended to be an ideal city worked by the Divine beings. After it was taken over by people, it was a pleased and upbeat city that was brimming with opportunity. The ladies in Troy were particularly free, given the majority of indistinguishable opportunities from men were given. Ruler Priam and Sovereign Hecuba controlled together and settled on shared choices. Other ladies in the city were given significant situations also. This is what made Troy an extraordinary city, special from different urban areas at that point. As the pressure among Troy and Greece increased, Troy did everything in its capacity to avert the Greeks. The Trojans were known to be a race of kind individuals who battled with respect. The Greeks, in any case, were known as the awful young men and never battled fair and square. This is outlined all through the war, ...

Trip to California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Excursion to California - Essay Example nia, he will find that it is exceptionally assorted, and this decent variety ranges from its forested beach front locales to its north, the rough mountains in the inside, to the brutality of the desert to its south. In any case, sandwiched between all these is the Central Valley which is the most rich and horticulturally beneficial piece of the state. So as to show signs of improvement perspective on California in our movement, we decided to recruit a vehicle when we arrived at the air terminal in Los Angeles. It was while we were driving starting with one spot then onto the next that we came to find exactly how sweeping the thruway arrangement of this state truly is. In light of these roadways, our movements inside the state were made a lot simpler and indeed, we secured more separation and ventured out to more goals of enthusiasm for only a couple of hours than we would have done in our own state. During this excursion, we were wonderfully astonished to discover how helpful our insight into Spanish truly was, on the grounds that notwithstanding the way that English is the official language of the state, Spanish is additionally spoken by an enormous number of individuals making information on the last valuable (Anderson, 2006). We found that once individuals understood that we could communicate in Spanish, they would rapidly give us bearings to where we needed to go. I accept that it might have been a result of the altruism which was because of addressing those individuals in their own language. Some truly significant spots that we visited were the Hollywood image and the Walk of Fame in Los Angeles; the Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz in San Francisco; lastly, the urban communities of San Diego and Santa Barbara. Moreover, we saw the desert in southern California as an exceptionally energizing spot and we went through a few days investigating it. We regularly went through the evenings out of entryways neglected desert examining the day’s occasions and making arrangements for the coming days. We had a ton of fun in California that it was with the most profound lament when the opportunity arrived for us to leave. We as a whole later came to concede that we had fallen

Funny pictures of me

Funny pictures of me You want to know the hardest part about this job? Entry titles. Its like impossible to think of some clever 4 word phrase to encapsulate your entire entry. But I got your attention, right? So, as I reported in my last entry, my New Years Eve plans included sitting in my living room and watching Season 2 of Veronica Mars on DVD with my sister while consuming large amounts of junk food. Well, that was the plan, and we did in fact make it through the four episodes we had left by then whilst consuming more junk food than is remotely healthy. However, we pushed our couch potato plans earlier in the day when we found out that my aunt was having something of a get-together. It was just my aunts family, a couple of her friends, and their kids (which turned out to be a surprising number of kids). Anyway, since there were no other big kids I pretended to be an actual adult for the night (I turn twenty next week. Yikes!). I ate way too much food and tried to tone down my age a bit by putting on one of the New Years party hats that were decorated by the 6-year-olds. Here I am, doing my best impersonation of an idiot (and trust me, there were other photos where I look even stupider): When the New Year came, I rattled my noisemaker so hard it broke and ran outside with my cousins tomake a lot of noise. Thats when my oldest cousin whipped out the silly string hed been hiding away for that moment and proceeded to spray me without abiding by the number one rule of silly string, which is: SHAKE WELL BEFORE USING. This is what silly string looks like wet, i.e. not PROPERLY SHAKEN: And that was my New Years Eve. My first adventure of the new year occurs tomorrow, when I get knocked out to have all four of my wisdom teeth ripped out. Yippee!

The Struggling Race of the Admissions Game

One student I read about online was conducting research to find a cure for diabetes. Others had broken national records in track and field while maintaining a 4.0 GPA. The definition of a â€Å"successful† high school student had never seemed more awe inspiring, but also intimidating. My parents raised me to believe there was a surefire way to succeed: plan ahead, earn straight A’s and commit yourself to activities you love. But a visit to collegeconfidential.com at the beginning of my sophomore year damaged my confidence. Though it was supposed to be a site with information about colleges, College Confidential made me feel like I didn’t have what it took to get into a good college. When I entered high school I promised myself I would never do something just to impress some college admissions officer. I wanted admissions officers at my dream schools like Stanford or Yale to want me at their colleges because I was able to challenge myself and explore intere sts that made me happy instead of filling a resume with meaningless titles. During a club fair at the beginning of freshman year, the upperclassmen promised that Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA) â€Å"would look great on the college application.† It bothered me that club members were pushing how great joining would look to colleges more than what we would do in the club. But as my friends turned in their club applications, I didn’t want to be left behind, so I also joined FBLA, Model United Nations (MUN) and National Honor Society. I justified joining the college-obsessed crowd by telling myself that as someone interested in business and law, it was good to get experience in debate, business and communications. Luckily I ended up finding activities I genuinely liked. Competitions and afterschool rehearsals/meets filled the afternoons of my freshman and sophomore years. I loved chairing for afterschool volunteer activities and rehearsing for dance shows p ast dinnertime interacting with individuals who had a passion for helping out for the good of the school. I spent my weekends at Model United Nations competing in UN mock committees. I developed such an interest in politics that I decided to intern for my state senator. When AP testing and finals started creeping in, I struggled balancing academics with my passion for extracurricular activities. Once MUN and FBLA kicked into high-gear, I began to hate the clubs that I used to like. One evening at the end of my sophomore year, my mom sent me a link to collegeconfidential.com. The â€Å"chance† forums, in which students share accomplishments while comparing chances of getting into colleges, made me feel like I wasn’t doing enough. I spend two hours staring at student profiles that featured near-perfect SAT scores, rows of 5s (top score) on AP exams, national championships in debate or compelling stories about medical missions to developing countries. I felt lik e my activities weren’t as impressive. Being one of the top outstanding delegates at a Model United Nations Conference, which I used to be really proud of, didn't seem so impressive after I read about the student who would be going to the actual United Nations in New York to present a speech on microeconomics. Even though I felt worse about myself after every visit, I couldn't stop going to College Confidential. My interests seemed boring now-every high school has yearbook editors. But not many teens can say they published a children’s book like one student had. Within a month I was going on four to five hours a week. I couldn’t imagine how these students had enough hours in the day to accomplish so much. But they probably weren’t killing time refreshing College Confidential every five minutes. I shared some of my insecurities with some of my friends but mostly my mom. My friends laughed and told me that senioritis was simply kicking in early for me. However, my mother reminded me that I’ve always worked hard and that it’d be a waste not to do everything I could to keep getting straight A’s. After reading about the accomplishments of these students on College Confidential, I wanted to help with Civic Bridge (a website I helped create for middle school students to post local news) much bigger. I envisioned it spreading to other schools or even other cities and inspiring young people to become more active in their communities. In late November, after another depressing browse through a â€Å"chance† thread, I decided to block College Confidential from my browser. Why had I been going out of my way to upset myself? If a college doesn't think I’m good enough, so be it. The things I’m involved in make me really happy. Even though Civic Bridge never got beyond Walnut, it was exciting to the middle school students I worked with. It was awesome when a student who thinks he is limited to math and science tells me he likes writing. Civic Bridge let me pass on what I loved most about journalism: talking to people and sharing their stories. Looking back I feel foolish about how I let some website with the words of strangers affect me so much. I was annoyed with how easily I overlooked all I had going for me. Even now with still two more years of high school, I can’t think of a better way to begin junior year than competing at MUN and FBLA conferences and continue volunteering for what I enjoy doing. As excited as I am about college, I’m glad I realized that the admissions process didn't mean I had to stop dedicating myself to activities I love.

Global financial crisis-causes and remedies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1376 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Introduction After the collapse of the twin towers and the tech bubble the American economy was in dire need of a stimulus. The Fed under Alan Greenspan reacted to this crisis by pumping liquidity into the system. This response would have worked well under normal circumstances, since it helps in the growth of the economy, however since due to previous overinvestments in the economy the extra money was not put to productive use. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Global financial crisis-causes and remedies" essay for you Create order The central role that finance plays in upholding the American economy led to the collapse of a few financial institutions imperilling the economic system of the country and eventually the world. Americas financial system failed in its two crucial responsibilities: managing risk and allocating capital leading to the current global recession the world in facing today. ( Stiglitz, 2008 ). This essay is structured in four parts , the first dealing with the background of the preceding years leading to the crisis. The second part tackles the causes of the financial crisis followed by the solution that can be adopted by the United Kingdom to prevent a recurrence of such a crisis in the future. The final paragraph of the essay is the conclusion that concentrates on the global cooperation that is essential for this financial crisis. The Post Industrial Society: The paradigm shift from an industrial society to a post industrial one had a major implication on the global crisis that was about to come. This resulted in a majority of the labour force being involved in the service industry rather than in the manufacturing sector. The structure of the capitalist economy was altered because more than 60% of the workforce today is employed in the service sector and less than 10% in the agriculture and manufacturing sector. This impacted the employment relationships between the large corporations and the millions of blue collared workers in the country. The long-term mutual obligations of old were replaced by expectations of more temporary attachments ( Davis,2009,p.28 ).The practice of off-shoring to countries offering cheap labour that began during that time also aggravated the problem further. This shift was reflected in the eventual bankruptcy of large auto manufacturing industries in the country. The rise in pension funds: During the 1980s most companies provided pensions to their employees through a system of defined-benefit plans that paid retirees benefits according to their tenure with the company ( Davis, 2009, p. 31 ).This changed in the early 1980s with the 401 ( k ) plan in which employees were responsible in making investments based on the options offered to them by the corporations. This change helped promote the development of mutual funds as an attractive investment option. This system came to be known as defined-contribution pension plans and resulted in the mutual fund companies becoming the most prominent owners of corporate America ( Davis , 2009,p.32 ).These companies were shareholders in many of the companies and this resulted in a complex interconnected financial system which would have severe repercussions later on the American economy. Securitization: The traditional model of banking was replaced by a system called securitization which meant that assets were turned in securities and traded in the market ( Davis,2009,.35). Securitization inthemortgage market involvesthepoolingofmortgages into mortgagebacked securities (MBSs) in whichtheholderof these securities is entitled to some fractionofalltheinterest and principal paid out bytheportfolioofloans. Someofthese securities are straight passthrough, while others are collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs) or collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) in whichthepools are trenched and cash flows get paid out according to some priority structure ( Archarya and Richardson, 2009,p.62 ).Mortgage backed bonds were the best form of this system. This resulted in a tangled financial system in which there was little differentiation between traditional commercial banking and the investment banks that sprouted later. Everything from student loans to life insurance schemes got involved in the com plex American financial system. Because of this system individuals as well as corporations got entangled and were caught in the web of this financial world and were to be affected when the financial crisis hit the economy. Subprime problem : the 2008 financial collapse originated with a political effort to expand mortgage lending to consumers who could not meet normal standards of creditworthiness ( Yandle,2010,p.346 ).In an attempt to make home ownership more affordable interest rates were lowered for potential buyers and in many cases there were no checks initiated to see whether the customer was financially capable of repaying the loan. The risk assessment methods that were used by the banks were deeply flawed under this system. Borrowers were told not to worry about paying the ever mounting debt, because house prices would keep appreciating.( Stiglitz, 2008 ). However the housing bubble crashed and this resulted in a lot of home owners unable to payback the loan and the financial institutions also unable to profit from the assets that they held. Because these mortgages were ingrained and were at the core of the American financial system it resulted in a subprime mortgage problem causing the crash of the entire econom y. Proposals to prevent recurrence of financial crisis: The policies and measures that should be adopted to avoid another crisis should focus on macro and micro issues that have arisen due to the crisis. The micro management involves supervision of individual institutions and banks, whereas the wider policies at the national level should tackle the systemic problem in the financial sector in the country. Regulation of the financial sector: The framework for ensuring efficient regulation should be based upon curbing the unnecessary risk taking incentives that caused the crisis. Given their inherently high leverage andtheease with whichtherisk profileoffinancialassets can be altered, banks andfinancialinstitutions have incentives to take on excessive risks ( Archarya et al,2009, p.110 ). A strong governance from the Financial Services Authority in the UK should be adopted to prevent such practices. This should be coupled with a stringent internal governance system adopted by the financial institutions themselves to prevent collapse and bankruptcy. Because of the global scale of this problem, in terms of the British context it will be easier to implement this type of regulation if it supports the development of a single financial market within the EU. Irregularity in the implementation of regulations between the different member will undermine the effectiveness of the regulatory proposals (European Union Committee, 2008, p.11 ). State aid in the financial crisis: The bailout that has been a major government intervention as a measure to prevent the spread of the crisis. These have included nationalisation as well as recapitalisation of banks and in some cases purchase of the defaulted assets by the government. However it must be understood that these practices must not serve as an encouragement to the financial institutions to return to their old practices. This federal policy of providing aid should not encourage a recurrence of inefficient risk management decisions by firms (Poole,2007,p.149 ). The other step that should be taken by the government is too avoid infusing the economy with too much liquidity. As a lender of the last resort the government must ensure that such a solution may in fact prolong the solvency crisis. Control of the shadow banking sector: The financial crisis has been a problem of traditional banks as well as shadow banks. The government should ensure that financial trading between such institutions must be controlled. The toxic loans that these institutions dealt in should not be allowed to be spread this time around. Along with traditional banks there should be efficient regulation of the bad accounting practices and poor underwriting standards in such lending institutions within the UK by the FSA. Along with such macro policies individuals brokers should also be supervised as a micro management of this crisis. Conclusion: Given the global nature of the financial crisis the solutions that must be adopted should on a global level. Individual nations must not retreat form an international solution and try to implement regional policies. This will prove to be a setback than a way forward in tackling this problem. Consumers as well as institutions that thrive on interaction within the financial network will be thwarted by such efforts. Transparency between the various regulatory and financial bodies should also be encouraged to prevent another crisis. Involving global partners and seeking multi lateral solutions are critical if we are to reach a common goal of financial stability in the near future.

Land Biomes Temperate Forests

The temperate forest biome is one of the worlds major habitats. Temperate forests are characterized as regions with high levels of precipitation, humidity, and a variety of deciduous trees. Deciduous trees are trees that lose their leaves in winter. Decreasing temperatures and shortened daylight hours in fall mean decreased photosynthesis for plants. Thus, these trees shed their leaves in fall and bud new leaves in spring when warmer temperatures and longer hours of daylight return. Climate Temperate forests have a wide range of temperatures that correlate with the distinctive seasons. Temperatures range from hot in the summer, with highs of 86 F, to extremely cold in the winter, with lows of -22 F. Temperate forests receive abundant amounts of precipitation, usually between 20 and 60 inches of precipitation annually. This precipitation is in the form of rain and snow. Location Deciduous forests are typically found in the Northern Hemisphere. Some locations of temperate forests include: Eastern AsiaCentral and Western EuropeEastern United States Vegetation Due to abundant rainfall and thick soil humus, temperate forests are able to support a wide variety of plant life and vegetation. This vegetation exists in several layers, ranging from lichens and mosses on the ground layer to large tree species like oak and hickory that stretch high above the forest floor. Other examples of temperate forest vegetation include: Forest canopy tier: Maple trees, walnut trees, birch treesSmall tree tier: Dogwoods, redbuds, shadbushShrub tier: Azaleas, mountain laurel, huckleberriesHerb tier: Blue bead lily, Indian cucumber, wild sarsaparillaFloor tier: Lichens and mosses Mosses are nonvascular plants that play an important ecological role in the biomes they inhabit. These small, dense plants often resemble green carpets of vegetation. They thrive in moist areas and help to prevent soil erosion and also serve as a source of insulation during colder months. Unlike mosses, lichens are not plants. They are the result of symbiotic relationships between algae or cyanobacteria and fungi. Lichens are important decomposers in this environment littered with decaying plant material. Lichens help to recycle plant leaves, thus generating the fertile soil in this biome. Wildlife Temperate forests are home to a diverse wildlife biosystem including various insects and spiders, wolves, foxes, bears, coyotes, bobcats, mountain lions, eagles, rabbits, deer, skunks, squirrels, raccoons, squirrels, moose, snakes, and hummingbirds. Temperate forest animals have many different ways to deal with the cold and lack of food in winter. Some animals hibernate during the winter and arise in spring when food is more plentiful. Other animals store food and burrow underground to escape the cold. Many animals escape the harsh conditions by migrating to warmer regions in winter. Other animals have adapted to this environment by blending in with the forest. Some camouflage themselves as leaves, looking almost indistinguishable from the foliage. This type of adaptation comes in handy for both predators and prey. More Land Biomes Temperate forests are one of many biomes. Other land biomes of the world include: Chaparrals: Characterized by dense shrubs and grasses, this biome experiences dry summers and damp winters.Deserts: Did you know that not all deserts are hot? In fact, Antarctica is the largest desert in the world.Savannas: This large grassland biome is home to some of the fastest animals on the planet.Taigas: Also called boreal forests or coniferous forests, this biome is populated by dense evergreen trees.Temperate grasslands: These open grasslands are located in colder climate regions than savannas. They are found on every continent except for Antarctica.Tropical rainforests: Located near the equator, this biome experiences hot temperatures year round.Tundra: As the coldest biome in the world, tundras are characterized by extremely cold temperatures, permafrost, treeless landscapes, and slight precipitation.

The Concept Of The Fourth Estate - 1485 Words

It is also a struggle for the respect of self-awareness that translates the symbolic end of a communicational paradigm based on the principle of socialization and social control (Beaulieu, 2005) . It is true that this paradigm has dominated the public communication system for decades and was regarded as a representation embodying the concept of the Fourth Estate (Kaspi, 2004) . With the growth of cyberspace, the idea of the Fourth Estate is devalued in a media context favoring self-expression (Fichte, 2007) . The question of  « me  » has interested philosophers throughout history. It occupies a central place especially in German philosophy, that addressed this issue nearly two centuries ago, beginning with Kant (1835), who considers the  « me  » as the center of the universe, with Fichte and Schelling, who left the Kantian duality stating, firstly, the existence of the thing in itself and, secondly, the existence of the human mind as a generator of truths and phenomena. 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Should Retirement Be Discontinued Why Or Why Essay

At what age should a person retire? What level of activity is reasonable for society to expect of retired individuals? Given the changing demographics of the United States, should retirement be discontinued? Why or why not? At what age should a person retire? The decision to retire, and at what age is not one to be taken lightly. Each individual has to make this decision based on a number of factors. In an article, Martin, R, Beach, S (2012) reported that retirement is a decision that the so-called, â€Å"baby boomer,† will have to make soon. The baby boomers are those individuals that were born during the years 1946 and 1964, and would reach age 62 by 2008. They reminded us that this is the stage that this group can become eligible for Social Security retirement benefits. In the paper, the authors felt that the main consideration for retirement is whether one can afford to maintain a reasonable standard of living and the best quality of life for the retirement period. 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Running Head Substance abuse in prisons. Free Essays

In most prisons in the world, alcohol dependence is the most prevalence substance abuse.   Most prisoners are said to depend on alcohol and drugs, to relieve stress and tension.   This has been linked to the fact that most inmates are imprisoned for drug – related offences. We will write a custom essay sample on Running Head: Substance abuse in prisons. or any similar topic only for you Order Now    These criminals are believed to introduce drugs and alcohol in prison.   The majority of the prison population has shown some evidence of substance abuse.   In Canada, research has shown that at least 7 – 10 inmates have engaged in activities of drug and alcohol abuse. The use of drugs and alcohol in prisons is highly spreading.   Research has shown that women have more severe substance abuse problems than men.   They have also shown a tendency of being involved in hard drugs such as cocaine and heroine than men. These women also have a higher rate of injection drug use than men, at approximately 91%. Heroin is the type of drug abused by most inmates in state prisons of Toronto and Montrà ©al, while in Atlantic Canada alcohol and cocaine are the most abused. Alcohol and drugs are available in almost all prison facilities in the world.   Research studies have shown that drug trade is much more rampant and violent in the prison than on the street. Despite the efforts to eliminate drugs in prison inmates have always been discovered to test positive for drug tests. The types of drugs available in prison include marijuana, alcohol, drugs, cocaine, tranquilizers, opiates, Hallucinogens, stimulants, sedatives and heroin.   Marijuana is the most common drugs while heroin is the least available drug in prison. Drugs treatment programmes available in California state prison. Programmes for drugs abuse treatment in this prison include, detoxication programmes, therapeutic programmes, drug courts, transitional treatment, maintenance and aftercare and pharmacotherapy methods. In California prison state intensive intervention services are reserved for offenders who are viewed as high risk.   The treatment available is designed to target behaviors that are predicative of criminal behavior. In this prison, treatment techniques such as coping skills training have been used to reduce substance abuse.   Inmates are trained on how to cope in prison without drugs and also given social skills and employment skills. These skills assist in keeping them focused on other positive activities.   Structured relapse prevention techniques are established to prevent inmates from relapsing into substance abuse.   Stress management sessions are held in prisons to help prisoners deal with drug withdrawal symptoms. Willing prisoners are asked to set their goals of treatment and work step by step to achieve them.   This way they are motivated to stop drug abuse.   Community reinforcement techniques have also been started. The community offers its services to the prisoners through voluntary services to encourage motivate them in stopping substance abuse.   However, these treatment programs have not been very effective in the prison.   The programs are not enough to stop usage o f substance abuse in prisons. Conclusion I think that more treatment programmes should be established in the prison.   Control and detection programmes should be established to detect any form of drug smuggling into the prison.   Visitors and new prisoners must be thoroughly checked before entering the prison compound.   Routine searches should also be done in the prison frequently to discourage any form of drug or alcohol storage in the prison. Comprehensive screening and assessment of inmates on entry should be performed to identify the treatment programme suitable for each patient. Drug detection dogs should be introduced in the prison to facilitate drug detection in the prison.   Visitors’ areas should be modified to the designs and layouts that are open and easily accessible.   The visiting areas should be completely separated from the inmates section by an impassable barrier. The way against drug and substance should be intensified to eliminate them from our society. References. Substance abuse in corrections. http://www.ccsa.ca/pdf/ccsa-011058-2004.pdf.as retrieved on 26/10/2007. Alcohol info. http://www.alcoholinfo.nsw.gov.au/justice_system/corrections_system as retrieved on 20 Jul 2007. Heroin addiction treatment. http://www.alcoholinfo.nsw.gov.au/justice_system/corrections_system as retrieved on 20 Jul 2007. How to cite Running Head: Substance abuse in prisons., Essay examples

Running Head Substance abuse in prisons. Free Essays

In most prisons in the world, alcohol dependence is the most prevalence substance abuse.   Most prisoners are said to depend on alcohol and drugs, to relieve stress and tension.   This has been linked to the fact that most inmates are imprisoned for drug – related offences. We will write a custom essay sample on Running Head: Substance abuse in prisons. or any similar topic only for you Order Now    These criminals are believed to introduce drugs and alcohol in prison.   The majority of the prison population has shown some evidence of substance abuse.   In Canada, research has shown that at least 7 – 10 inmates have engaged in activities of drug and alcohol abuse. The use of drugs and alcohol in prisons is highly spreading.   Research has shown that women have more severe substance abuse problems than men.   They have also shown a tendency of being involved in hard drugs such as cocaine and heroine than men. These women also have a higher rate of injection drug use than men, at approximately 91%. Heroin is the type of drug abused by most inmates in state prisons of Toronto and Montrà ©al, while in Atlantic Canada alcohol and cocaine are the most abused. Alcohol and drugs are available in almost all prison facilities in the world.   Research studies have shown that drug trade is much more rampant and violent in the prison than on the street. Despite the efforts to eliminate drugs in prison inmates have always been discovered to test positive for drug tests. The types of drugs available in prison include marijuana, alcohol, drugs, cocaine, tranquilizers, opiates, Hallucinogens, stimulants, sedatives and heroin.   Marijuana is the most common drugs while heroin is the least available drug in prison. Drugs treatment programmes available in California state prison. Programmes for drugs abuse treatment in this prison include, detoxication programmes, therapeutic programmes, drug courts, transitional treatment, maintenance and aftercare and pharmacotherapy methods. In California prison state intensive intervention services are reserved for offenders who are viewed as high risk.   The treatment available is designed to target behaviors that are predicative of criminal behavior. In this prison, treatment techniques such as coping skills training have been used to reduce substance abuse.   Inmates are trained on how to cope in prison without drugs and also given social skills and employment skills. These skills assist in keeping them focused on other positive activities.   Structured relapse prevention techniques are established to prevent inmates from relapsing into substance abuse.   Stress management sessions are held in prisons to help prisoners deal with drug withdrawal symptoms. Willing prisoners are asked to set their goals of treatment and work step by step to achieve them.   This way they are motivated to stop drug abuse.   Community reinforcement techniques have also been started. The community offers its services to the prisoners through voluntary services to encourage motivate them in stopping substance abuse.   However, these treatment programs have not been very effective in the prison.   The programs are not enough to stop usage o f substance abuse in prisons. Conclusion I think that more treatment programmes should be established in the prison.   Control and detection programmes should be established to detect any form of drug smuggling into the prison.   Visitors and new prisoners must be thoroughly checked before entering the prison compound.   Routine searches should also be done in the prison frequently to discourage any form of drug or alcohol storage in the prison. Comprehensive screening and assessment of inmates on entry should be performed to identify the treatment programme suitable for each patient. Drug detection dogs should be introduced in the prison to facilitate drug detection in the prison.   Visitors’ areas should be modified to the designs and layouts that are open and easily accessible.   The visiting areas should be completely separated from the inmates section by an impassable barrier. The way against drug and substance should be intensified to eliminate them from our society. References. Substance abuse in corrections. http://www.ccsa.ca/pdf/ccsa-011058-2004.pdf.as retrieved on 26/10/2007. Alcohol info. http://www.alcoholinfo.nsw.gov.au/justice_system/corrections_system as retrieved on 20 Jul 2007. Heroin addiction treatment. http://www.alcoholinfo.nsw.gov.au/justice_system/corrections_system as retrieved on 20 Jul 2007. How to cite Running Head: Substance abuse in prisons., Essay examples

Computing Theory

Question: Write an essay about on a research topic which is Cryptography and quantum computing. The essay to be written is not a summary of the lecture notes or other course material given, or any other material available on the Internet. The essay has to go "beyond what was been covered in class". The essay should demonstrate A good understanding in detail of a specific topic chosen in Computing Theory. A holistic understanding of the areas in Computing Theory relevant to the essay topic and how they relate. For e.g. look at the suggested topic of interest given above. The maximum length of the above essay or paper should not exceed 6 pages though the ideal would be about 5 pages. This does not mean that you need to write this much. You may write as much is needed to clearly demonstrate your understanding at the same time being precise and comprehensive. Keep it simple and neat with a lucid flow. Typing could be using Times New Roman font size 12 or Arial font size 11 with 1.5line spacing. Marking rubrics for the essay is attached. Evaluation The evaluation is based on a good report, a good discussion of the findings in a clear, concise and presentable format. You may lose marks if the topic for the essay is too broad and reflects that not enough time has been spent for research. Answer: Introduction This essay provides information on the topic Cryptography and Quantum Computing. The cryptography is a technique for securing the data by sending the data in the encrypted form so that it is decoded only by the valid and authorized user. It helps in securing the e-mail message, information of credit card, as well as for securing the corporate data. The data is converted into the unreadable form i.e. it is converted into the encrypted form, and send it to the receiver, and it read only by the users that have a key to unlock the data so that data is accessed only by the authorized user. It helps in protecting the data from the hackers or any unauthorized person. This process is mandatory, but it is not the sufficient process for securing the data. The quantum computing, it is based on the qubits. It is stored in the form of 1, 0 or both 0 and one simultaneously. It is also called the superposition of two different states. There are different started in the quantum computing and the sta tes consist of n power of 2 form. The pair of qubits consists of four different states. It helps in solving the complex problems efficiently. Cryptography and Quantum Computing Cryptography: It is a process of protecting the data and sending it in the encrypted form. The message is sent in the encrypted form from one point to another point. It helps in maintaining the integrity of the information (Kim, 2016). The process of encrypted the data into the unreadable form is known as cipher text. The encrypted message is broken by the help of cryptanalysis i.e. also known as code breaking. This process is helpful in securing the e-mail, information of credit card, as well as for securing the corporate data. The data is converted into the unreadable form i.e. it is converted into the encrypted from and send it to the receiver, and it read only by the users that have a key to unlock the data so that data is accessed only by the authorized user. It helps in protecting the data from the hackers or any unauthorized person. This process is mandatory, but it is not the sufficient process for securing the data. It is divided into two parts: private key encryption, and p ublic key encryption. In private key encryption, the private key or the same key is used by the sender as well as by the receiver. The sender sends the encrypted message (the algorithm is used for encrypted the message) to the receiver and the receiver decrypt the message by using the same private key as used by the sender of the message. The private key encryption is also known as symmetric cryptography. In public key encryption, this system is based on two keys. The public key is available for all i.e. everyone is familiar with this key, but the private key is only known to the receiver of the message. The message can be sent to any user in the encrypted form, but it is only received by the authorized user i.e. the only user that has a private key can unlock this message. It contains two different keys (Kumar, 2015). The one key is used for the encryption process, and this is used for the decryption process. It allows only one person to read the message (who has a private key to decode the message). It is also a useful source for the digital signatures. The public key encryption process is also known as asymmetric cryptography. Quantum computing: The quantum term plus computing term yields the quantum computing. (Minkel, 2016). There are various complex issues that are not tacked by the powerful computer. In a case of classical computing, the data is stored in the memory in the form of bits o or 1 (i.e. the information is stored in the digital form). But in a case of quantum computing, it is based on the qubits. It is stored in the form of 1, 0 or both 0 and one simultaneously. This is also called the superposition of two different states. There are different started in the quantum computing, and the states consist of n power of 2 form. The pair of qubits consists of four different states. It helps in solving the complex problems efficiently and in a fast manner. These problems which are solved using quantum computers are known as BQP. (BQP- Bounded Error, probabilistic, polynomial time). If the user wants a computer that looks a smaller in size, but it yields more powerful results, then the quantum computi ng is the solution to this problem. No doubt the quantum computing process is more complex as compare to the normal computing process, but it provides the results at millions of times better and faster than normal computing systems. In a case of conventional computers, they are slow as compare to the quantum computers because in a case of conventional computers the problem is solved by the help of mathematical operations (i.e. by adding or by subtracting the bits). The complex problems are solved by applying a series of simple operations on the problem (even the multiplication process is performed by the series of adding operations). The quantum computers work in a parallel mode whereas the traditional computers work in a serial mode. The computing process in case of quantum computing is more complex as compare to the traditional computing process. The quantum computers are related to the term cryptography The quantum computing is a big threat for the private key algorithm as well as for the public key algorithm. The quantum computing helps in solving complex problems, and it also performs complex operations that cant be performed by the conventional system. But on the other hand, it causes a big threat for the private communication. The quantum computer can easily break the cryptography keys and this further initiates the eavesdropper to enter into the private communication, and it steals the identity of someone and pretends to be that person, and in this way, it can damage the useful information. There are various security controls that can be broken by the quantum attack (attack by the quantum computer): The security protocols that are derived from the public-key ciphers. The second is any product which is derived from the above security protocol. The post-quantum cryptography is developed for the cryptographic algorithm that is used for securing the attacks that are occurred from the quantum computers. Conclusion The quantum computing provides the results at millions of times better and faster than normal computing systems. The quantum computing helps in solving complex problems, and it also performs complex operations that cant be performed by the conventional system. It helps in solving the complex problems efficiently and in a fast manner (Kim, 2016).These problems which are solved using quantum computers are known as BQP. (BQP- Bounded Error, probabilistic, polynomial time). If the user wants a computer that looks a smaller in size, but it yields more powerful results, then the quantum computing is the solution to this problem. The conventional computers, they are slow as compare to the quantum computers because in case of conventional computers the problem is solved by the help of mathematical operations (i.e. by adding or by subtracting the bits). The complex problems are solved by applying a series of simple operations on the problem (Kumar, 2015). But on the other hand, it is a big th reat to the symmetric cryptography as well as for the asymmetric cryptography. It causes a big threat for the private communication. The quantum computer can easily break the cryptography keys and this further initiates the eavesdropper to enter into the private communication and it steals the identity of someone and pretend to be that person, and in this way it can damage the useful information. References Blencowe, M. (2011). Quantum computing: Quantum RAM. Nature, 468(7320), pp.44-45. Ergun, A. (2014). Skewness and Kurtosis Persistence: Conventional vs. Robust Measures. SSRN Electronic Journal. Ferrndez, J. and Mira, J. (2016). Non-conventional computing paradigms. Natural Computing, 8(4), pp.643-644. Freund, R. (2014). DNA Computing Based on Splicing: The Existence of Universal Computers. Theory of Computing Systems, 32(1), pp.69-112. Kim, K. (2016). Cryptography: A New Open Access Journal. Cryptography, 1(1), p.1. Kristanto, S. (2015). Organizational Commitment Differences: Islamic vs. Conventional Banks. SSRN Electronic Journal. Kumar, A. (2015). Asymmetric Key Cryptography. SSRN Electronic Journal. Minkel, J. (2016). Quantum leap for quantum computing. IEEE Spectr., 43(3), pp.17-18. Miszczak, J. (2012). High-level Structures for Quantum Computing. Synthesis Lectures on Quantum Computing, 4(1), pp.1-129. Seife, C. (2015). What Are the Limits of Conventional Computing?. Science, 309(5731), pp.96-96. Wiedermann, J. and PetrÃ…Â ¯, L. (2011). On the Universal Computing Power of Amorphous Computing Systems. Theory of Computing Systems, 45(4), pp.995-1010. Yamamoto, Y., Takata, K. and Utsunomiya, S. (2012). Quantum Computing vs. Coherent Computing. New Generation Computing, 30(4), pp.327-356.

Research Paper Topics Essay Example

Research Paper Topics Paper To start is the most difficult part of writing. Topic selection is that crucial moment when you begin the process. The theme of your article determines a lot of significant aspects: research, structuring, examples. If your research paper topics are not relevant to the subject, you may lose valuable points for the final grade. Choosing the theme can be difficult and time-consuming. That is why we have gathered the list of interesting themes on various subjects here. Moreover, you can read about main tips and recommendations about the chosen title. Dont Hurry Up when Choosing the Topics for Research Paper There is no use taking a random theme without proper consideration. A research paper is not a short essay which you can finish in one or two days. You will have to work on your task for weeks. The subject of your writing should be your major focus for quite a long span. That is why before you decide on the final choice, make sure your subject corresponds to the following recommendations. Focus on your interests Any scientist should find interest and excitement from the sphere of his or her investigation. If you like what you are writing about, you will easily cope with the task. When you have a boring theme, you may hate everything related to the research. Focus on your strengths, remember which subjects you like learning. If you manage to combine your interests and the theme, the writing process may turn out to be amazing. Check the availability of sources We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper Topics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper Topics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper Topics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A research paper should contain references to various sources. Unless you have them, the work will be too subjective. Moreover, you will need to use many sources and include them at the works cited page. Using the Internet and library are the best ways to find out how researchable your subject of the investigation is. The right research paper topics will have lots of credible sources. Think over the title of your work The naming of the work is an indispensable part of the topic selection. It is the first thing what your target audience learns about your piece of writing. Pay attention to the following tips which will help you provide the best heading ever. Informative title Research paper topics shouldnt be very creative or imaginative. It is an academic style, and your title shouldnt be an exception. The object of your analysis should be the central nominalization of the title. It doesnt have to be a question or exclamatory sentence. Perfect length for the title Some students make mistakes in trying to include all the aspects of the investigation. In reality, it is impossible. Figure out the main generalizing words of your theme and write them down. Just 4-7 words about the topic, in general, would be enough. Examples of Topics on Subjects Here you can find the list of research paper topics on different subjects. You can use the title as it is or alter it according to your task requirements. You may choose one topic and narrow it down to specific examples. For instance, if the theme is called Negative and positive sides of social media, you can specify the type of social media. Write about Instagram, Facebook, Twitter. It will help you focus on the exact example. Read the ideas mentioned below to boost your creativity. Technology Cyberbullying as the negative side of the technological advancement. Steve Jobs changed the whole era of the technological world. Negative and positive sides of social media. Elon Masks Falcon Heavy Rocket as a huge breakthrough. A semiconductor is a basis for each technology. Environment The global warming as the problem for the whole humanity. Greenhouse effect and its influence on the global warming. The necessity to promote recycling in less developed countries. Deforestation triggers the problem of endangered species. Wind and solar power are the best alternative types. Business Marketing as the key tool for developing business. Franchising as the means to start your business. Time management as a crucial skill for the businessman. The example of Google in making employees satisfied. Motivation among workers in the business environment. Education Phenomenon-based learning and teaching. Innovative types of teaching strategies. Positive and negative sides of cyber schools. E-learning and its influence on the interpersonal relationship between students. The significance of online courses for pupils. Medicine Euthanasia as a question for medicine and morality. Ways of preventing AIDS. The interconnection of obesity and anorexia. Impact of alcohol on the human body. Differences and similarities in English and American medicaments for curing insomnia. Society The negative influence of Instagram on people. Racial discrimination in the European countries. The role of women in the XXI century. The description of a society in the Atlas Shrugged. Pros and cons of migration. Sport Pros and cons of making sports activities obligatory at school. The effects of practicing yoga on pregnant women. Motivation for sports Healthy eating habits while going in for sport. World organizations on promoting sport among high school and university students. Psychology What are the reasons of stress among children? The causes and consequences the classical music has on the brain work. Short and long-term impact of depression on the humans health. Good dreams can give you inspirations for achieving goals. Violent gaming is the most important factor in the childrens bad behavior. History Causes and the effects of the World War II. Should the government control how writers depict the history of the country in books? The Cold War as the dangerous political state for Main ways to prevent revolution within the nation. How teachers should analyze and discuss the effects of World Wars at schools. Culture Advertisement refers to the modern type of art. Modern subcultures which are popular in the USA. Culture influences behavior vs. behavior influences culture. Installations as the best means to express emotions in art. Notre Dame de Paris as the best musical of all years. ;

opinion essay outline Essay Example

opinion essay outline Essay Example opinion essay outline Essay opinion essay outline Essay Essay Topic: Opinion opinion essay outline BY unD3RoaTh Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people around the world every day. This website is a science-based resource developed for health care and other professional audiences and provides the latest information and research into coffee, caffeine and health. Login coffee health topicsresearch centrein-practicemedia centreabout usabout coffeeresources Cardiovascular health Cancer Fluid balance Gallstones Liver function Summary Liver function in Europe Coffee consumption and liver function Potential mechanisms Conclusion References Downloadable PDF Mental performance Neurodegenerative disorders Pregnancy Sports performance Type 2 diabetes print page Epidemiological evidence suggests that moderate coffee consumption may help to reduce the risk of liver cancer, and the risk falls as coffee consumption rises. Epidemiological studies in patients with various liver diseases have all found a positive effect of moderate coffee drinking on limiting disease progression. Patients with alcoholic liver disease who have a higher coffee consumption have a slower rate of fibrosis* than those who drink less coffee. Caffeine consumption is related to less severe fibrosis in patients scheduled for liver biopsy. Coffee consumption is related to slower development of cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Patients with Hepatitis C-related liver disease, who have a higher consumption of coffee, have a lower rate of disease progression than those drinking less coffee. However, patient stu01es snoul a De Interpreted wltn cautlon as tnere are many conTounaers wnlcn can bias results, e. g. small subject numbers and patients changing their habits or diet as a result of their disease. Several mechanisms underlying the association between moderate coffee consumption and reduced risk of liver cancer and disease progression are under investigation. One of the breakdown products of caffeine, paraxanthine, has been shown to slow down the growth of the type of tissue seen in liver fibrosis, alcoholic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Other alternative mechanisms are related to the anti-carcinogenic effects of cafestol and kahweol, and possible anti- viral effects of chlorogenic acids and caffeic acid. *Many liver diseases cause scar tissue, known as fibrosis, to develop. In the early stages of fibrosis, the liver functions relatively well and few people experience symptoms. But as the inflammation and liver injury continue, scar tissue builds up. This can eventually disrupt the metabolic functions of the liver and lead to cirrhosis in which the liver is severely scarred, its blood flow restricted and its ability to function severely impaired. This information is intended for healthcare and professional audiences. Please consider the environment before printing. homecoffee health topicsresearch centrein-practicemedia centreabout usabout coffeeresources

Why Oil and Water Dont Mix

Why Oil and Water Dont Mix You may have experienced examples of how oil and water dont mix. Oil and vinegar salad dressing separate. Motor oil floats on top of the water in a puddle or in an oil spill. No matter how much you mix oil and water, they always separate. Chemicals that dont mix are said to be immiscible. The reason this happens is because of the chemical nature of oil and water molecules. Like Dissolves Like The saying in chemistry is that like dissolves like. What this means is the polar liquids (like water) dissolve in other polar liquids, while nonpolar liquids (usually organic molecules) mix well with each other. Each H2O or  water molecule is polar because it has a bent shape in which the negatively charged oxygen atom and the positively charged hydrogen atoms are on separate sides of the molecule. Water forms  hydrogen bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms of different water molecules. When water encounters nonpolar oil molecules, it sticks to itself rather than mingles with the organic molecules. Making Oil and Water Mix Chemistry has tricks for getting oil and water to interact. For example, detergent works by acting as emulsifiers and surfactants. The surfactants improve how well water can interact with a surface, while the emulsifiers help oil and water droplets mix together. Density and Immiscibility Oil floats on water because it is less dense or has lower specific gravity. The immiscibility of oil and water, however, is not related to the difference in density.

Environmental and Offender Profiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental and Offender Profiling - Essay Example A combination of scientific disciplines and techniques are used in environmental profiling - e.g. pedology, biology, sedimentology, and geography. (Wiltshire, n.d.) Thus, all the scientific disciplines that compliment (or that are used in) environmental science are of use in environmental profiling. The use of chemistry to analyse soil particles in a laboratory for example, can give clues to the source of soil found at a crime scene and can be useful material evidence in solving crimes. Through the use of biological know how for example, soils from a crime scene may provide materials like insects, amoebae, parasitic worm eggs, and "aquatic organisms like Ostracods and Foraminifera". (Wiltshire, n.d. para. 2.1.2) Certain microscopic plants like diatoms and dinoflagellates may also be found in soil deposited unawares by an offender at a crime scene. These microscopic flora and fauna may not be widespread in location and would thus be only present in restricted areas. An analysis of such material could point investigators to the possible location of an offender. Wiltshire (n.d.) provides a non-exhaustive inventory of materials that can be useful in environmental profiling. ... (para. 3.2) Apart from use such valuable material in building environmental profiles of the crime scene, they also serve as very important evidential material in the building of a case against an offender in the criminal justice system. It must however be noted that very knowledgeable offenders can use some of these otherwise valuable materials as decoys. An intentional depositing of flora and fauna by an offender can easily sway the direction of the investigation to a wrong target, if the investigators 'bite the offender's bait'. Also, in situations where an offender is very 'skilful' in the conduct of crime, very little material may be left behind and this may not be very useful for building an environmental profile for the investigation. Environmental profiling thus to some extent, depends on the offender's level of incompetence. The more knowledgeable an offender is concerning forensic techniques of evidence collection, the less likely he/she is to leave enough material behind. The next segment of the essay considers the various forms of offender profiling. Though offender/criminal profiling has been popularly attributed to the Behavioural Science Unit (BSU) of the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) in the U.S., its use predates the founding of the FBI itself. Petherick (n.d.) states that the first recorded example of offender profiling in the contemporary sense was conducted in the 1880s by Dr. Thomas Bond, in his analysis of the corpse of Mary Kelly, who was the last victim of 'Jack the Ripper'. Bond wrote that: "the corner sheet to the right of the woman's head was much cut and saturated with blood, indicating that the face may have been covered with a sheet

Music in the 1950 the artist Nat king Cole Essay

Music in the 1950 the artist Nat king Cole - Essay Example Beginning with the talent as a jazz pianist, Nat King Cole realized the early signs of increasing determination and love towards music at age four when his mother taught him how to play the organ. Eventually, this motivation enhanced his initial jazz performances which further led him to consider interests on rhythms both gospel and classical in nature. With this extent of capability and admiration, he had all the more developed a prominent edge as a jazz-labeled artist, performing in a range of jamming sessions at clubs and events as in the Jazz at the Philharmonic concerts, then creating a rather exhilarating impact on other big bands of the black culture through his personal concept of the jazz trio during the 1930s. As popularized by the trio composed of Nat himself as the pianist leading the combo, guitarist Oscar Moore, and double bassist Wesley Prince, this groundbreaking setup with piano, guitar, and bass greatly persuaded Cole’s moderate contemporaries and musicians o f the modern times to align their attitude in music with his fashion. Evidently, Nat King Cole’s innovation with jazz in this manner may be recognized to bear striking semblances with the styles of blues pianists Ray Charles and Charles Brown, as well as in the compositions of Art Tatum, Oscar Peterson, and Ahmad Jamal among those in major labels. In the short-lived melodic history of his making, Nat King Cole had been able to keep himself dynamic, moving from place to place as he played piano over jazz bars, on Broadway domains that made him accomplish pieces for Eubie Blake’s musical ‘Shuffle Along’ in particular, and in the other venues that witnessed his way with music, giving him followers out of the regular audience and certain artists alike. It did not take a great deal of perseverance to establish his ample influence given the frequency of his band’s live performances and the number of recorded radio transcriptions and locations where the ty pe of jazz rendered by Nat King Cole served a major stimulation for the public prone to romantic mood. On shifting to do vocals, however, he became obliged to go by the standards of the mainstream which at first received unfavorable remarks from both his fans and jazz critics yet this move flourished Cole’s singing career and in 1943, ‘Straighten Up and Fly Right’ with a gospel theme turned out to be his first vocal hit. After obtaining a sustainable market for this folk-based song, Nat King Cole was later inspired to attempt crossing grounds with rock and roll, a simultaneously ensuing demand at the time, which truly was a huge transformation from the origins his true identity was attached. By maintaining a pop-oriented status, Nat consequently sought the need to replace his traditional jazz trio setup by a new approach, often with string accompaniment. Thus, when some of the songs notched at the pop chart like ‘Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Days of Summer’ at number six, the inevitable direction to popularity built in him an icon that most people looked up to during the early stage of rock and roll. Of the songs that captivated rare appreciation of the public, it is specially notable to pay tribute to Cole’s authentic and outstandingly beautiful rendition of the classic ‘Mona Lisa’ which ranked first for over two months in the 1950’

Introduction To Fashion Design Objectives Cultural Studies Essay

Introduction To Fashion Design Objectives Cultural Studies Essay Meaning of fashion Fashion is what is accepted and adopted by the society at any given point of time. In other words it is a lifestyle statement of an individual or a group of people. In this sense it covers a wide range of human activities. Style, way, manner, mode, method and approach are the common terms associated with fashion. Fashion is an ongoing process and ever changing phenomenon that leads the world and is there in every nook and corner of the world. As fashion is a dynamic process, there are a number of external factors that contribute to it. There are various factors whose interplay affects the fashion scenario; it can be factors like social factors, political factors etc. The fashion scenario is a reflection of the prevailing conditions or tastes of people in the society. Everything that one uses, buys, wears, acquires has to be innovative and thoughtful. Fashion varies from society to society and from region to region. It is a term which is primarily associated with the art of clothing and accessories. In its real sense it is a continuous process of changes in styles in any field, be it clothes, shoes, bags, profession, furniture, furnishings etc. The term fashion used in this book is in a narrow sense: fashion here means the style or styles of clothing and accessories worn at a particular time by a particular group of people. Fashion life cycle Fashion is an ongoing cycle in which new trends take place, are accepted and get finally outdated and rejected. This brings about a change and gives way to newer trends. This process of acceptance to rejection forms a curve. However, the life of all trends is not the same. For some trends the cycle may be completed in 6 months whereas for others it may even be a few years. This curve represents the pattern of life of a trend that takes place in five phases (Figure 1). Phase 1: Introduction This is a stage where a particular style is just introduced and not many people follow it. It is created by stylists or designers, who are involved in developing new designs. Changing or manipulating the design details, colour or pattern etc. can bring about these changes. At this stage the cost of the garment is generally very high because the garment is not produced in bulk and thus the cost of production goes up. These garments are generally showcased in fashion shows, fashion exhibitions and get extensive media coverage. The most popular method of showcasing, nowadays, is by sponsoring the soaps that are telecast on television and through the film industry. These are methods of marketing so that the orders placed from these activities can go in for bulk production. This would bring down its cost. Phase 2: Rise Once a particular style is introduced, its popularity then depends upon the response of the people to that style. If the indications drawn are positive, then the other manufacturers start adapting and copying the same style. At times the designers too have an alternate brand, clothes line that is at a lower price. This is done so as to increase the transaction and to take the orders in bulk. To increase the popularity of particular style one may modify or alter it a little bit to suit the category of people he/she is catering to. Phase 3: Popularity Peak This is a stage where the demand for a style is the maximum or is at its peak. The production happens at all levels but it is produced ct different levels at different prices. The manufacturers keep a close watch on the reactions/response of the customers to a particular style so much so that even a slight indication towards acceptance jumps them to take production in quantities. This thereby reduces the manufacturing cost per garment and leads to mass acceptance. Such situations, many times, lead to fakes or Knockoffs. Knockoffs are cheap adaptations of design, which get a good response. They are priced low because of more economic versions of fabrics, trimmings and finishing techniques that are used. This is done by picking up a sample from a particular garment and making a pattern for the same, but one must be careful in getting into mass production as not every style is meant for masses. The practice of Fakes and Knockoffs works to a disadvantage for the original designer or styl ist. However one can avoid this situation by getting a copyright for a particular design, but keeping in mind the dynamic fashion era, taking a copyright for a particular design is not useful. Firstly, fashion vis-a-vis contemporary fashion trends change very fast and secondly, the procedure of taking a copyright is elaborate and tedious. Therefore, by the time one actually gets the copyright, the design might get outdated. Hence the alternate is developed for the situation whereby the designer themselves get involved in an alternate line of clothes where the cost of production is much lower than the original. Many a times the manufacturers get involved in the malpractice of imitating the original designer by using a similar firm name or label and manufacturing fakes. This illegal practice is carried out on international level. Goods are confiscated as and when the raids are conducted but this however has not been able to stop the malpractice. Phase 4: Decline After attaining the saturation point of popularity, the design slowly starts being rejected thereby bringing a downfall in its demand. This happens when people get tired of a particular style and start looking for a change that is innovative and fresh. In this stage the consumer continues to wear the garment but does not eagerly goes into buying it. Thus comes the phenomenon of sales, to remove the left-over stock of designs that has been discarded, before it gets too late and they become outdated. Phase 5: Obsolescence This is stage where a consumer completely discards a particular design because the consumers are tired of seeing and wearing the same style which gives way to newer designs, styles to emerge. These stages of fashion cycle may vary in time duration. A particular style may be accepted fast and may get rejected even faster, whereas the other might/may survive for a longer duration. Based on the duration, fashion is divided into classics and fads. There are times when a particular design may continue to survive but in the meantime it may undergo various changes in its design elements. For instance, the silhouette might change or the fabric used might be a different one. This explains the existence of a cycle within a cycle; for example, bell bottom or straight cut in jeans cycle, where just the silhouette has changed. This marks the existence of a cycle within a cycle. There are exceptions to a fashion cycle, which causes a change of trend in the flow of the fashion cycle. Such situation arises when we have an interrupted fashion cycle, due to varied reasons like manufacturer might stop the production due to decline in popularity of a particular style, and might be the manufacturer wants to start the production for some other pattern of garment. Some of the other reasons for such interruptions are: social factors, political, economic and other factors. One good example of such a situation is the radical change brought about in the dressing of people before World War II and after that. People shifted from elaborate flared clothes to straight and more fitted attires / dresses. There are certain cycles that are recurring cycles. In other words, the style is there for some time, follows the normal fashion cycle and then becomes obsolete but only to be revived again. In this case when it reappears, the silhouette proportions might remain same whereas the design details and fabric might change to cater to the prevalent demands or for enhancing the look of the garment. To understand this cycle, in Indian context, one can take the example of short tight Kurtis of 1960s, which have been revived again. Fashion terminology What is the difference between fashion, style, and design? Just what do high fashion, mass fashion, taste, classic, and fad mean? To avoid confusion when discussing fashion, we must first understand the meanings of these terms. Style The first step in understanding fashion is to distinguish between fashion and style, words that most people use interchangeably although there is an immense difference in their meanings. In general terms, a style is a characteristic or distinctive artistic expression or presentation. Styles exist in architecture, sculpture, painting, politics, and music, as well as in popular heroes, games, hobbies, pets, flirtations, and weddings. In apparel, style is the characteristic or distinctive appearance of a garment-the combination of features that makes it unique and different from other garments. For example, T-shirts are as different from camp shirts as they are from peasant blouses. Riding jackets are as different from safari jackets as they are from blazer jackets. Although styles come and go in terms of acceptance, a specific style always remains a style, whether it is currently in fashion or not. Some people adopt a style that becomes indelibly associated with them and wear it regardless of whether it is currently fashionable. Trend A trend is a general direction or movement. For example, you will often read in fashion magazines there is; a trend toward longer skirts; it means that several designers, including some leading ones, are showing longer skirts, leading retailers are buying them, and fashion-forward customers are wearing them. Marketers always want to know whether a new development is going to be a trend or a fad because they want to cash in on trends but avoid getting burned by fads. A trend can originate anywhere, and has a solid foundation that supports its growth; a fad does not. Fashion Fashion is a style that is accepted and used by the majority of a group at any one time, no matter how small that group. A fashion is always based on some particular style. But not every style is a fashion. A fashion is a fact of social psychology. A style is usually a creation from an artist or a designer. A fashion is a result or social emulation and acceptance. A style may be old or new, beautiful or ugly, good or bad. A style is still a style even if it never receives the slightest acceptance or even approval. A style does not become a fashion until it gains some popular acceptance. And it remains a fashion only as long as it is accepted. Miniskirts, moustaches, and theatrical daytime makeup have all been fashions. And no doubt each will again be accepted by a majority of a group of people with similar interests or characteristics for example, college students, young career men and women, retired men and women. Classic Some styles or designs continue to be considered in good taste over a long period of time. They are exceptions to the usual movement of styles through the fashion life cycle. A classic is a style or design that satisfies a basic need and remains in general fashion acceptance for an extended period of time. A classic is characterized by simplicity of design which keeps it from being easily dated. Sari and Lehenga are outstanding examples of a classic. Other examples include denim jeans, blazer jackets, turtle neck sweaters, etc. Fad A fashion that suddenly sweeps into popularity, affecting a limited part of the total population, and then quickly disappears is called a fad. The fad starts by being quickly accepted and then quickly imitated by others. Fads often begin in lower-price ranges, are relatively easy to copy, and therefore flood the market in a very short time. Because of this kind of market saturation, the public tires of fads quickly and they end abruptly. Fads follow the same cycle as fashions do, but their rise in popularity is much faster, their acceptance much shorter, and their decline much more rapid than that of a true fashion. Because most fads come and go in a single season, they have been called miniature fashions. Fashion consumers Fashion leaders Fashion leaders are the people who are innovative and bold enough to start a new fashion or try something away from what is prevalent in the market. They have the courage to adopt new fashion not necessarily to attract attention but to look different. People of social, political, and economic importance here and abroad are seen as leaders in the downward movement theory. The horizontal flow theory recognizes individuals whose personal prestige makes them leaders within their own circles, whether or not they are known elsewhere. Finally, the important fashion role played by young, lower-income groups in the last half of the 20th cen ­tury is recognized in the upward flow theory. The theories of fashion adoption stress that the fashion leader is not the creator of the fash ­ion; nor does merely wearing the fashion make a person a fashion leader. As Quentin Bell ex ­plained, the leader of fashion does not come into existence until the fashion is itself created. A king or person of great eminence may indeed lead the fashion, but he leads only in the general direction which it has already adopted. If a fashion parade is forming, fashion leaders may head it and even quicken its pace. They cannot, however, bring about a procession; nor can they reverse a procession. Famous people are not necessarily fashion lead ­ers, even if they do influence an individual style. Their influence usually is limited to only one striking, style, one physical attribute, or one time. The true fashion leader is a person who is seeking constantly for new fashion, therefore likely to launch a succession of fashions rather than just one. What makes a person a fashion leader? A person eager for the new is merely an innovator or early buyer. To be a leader, one must be influential and sought after for advice within ones coterie. A fashion influential sets the appropriate dress for a specific occasion in a particular circle. Within that circle an innovator presents current offerings and is the earliest visual communicator of a new style. Such people can be split into two categories depending upon the role they play. Innovators People who are the creator of new fashion styles come under this category. They may be renowned designers or a simple person who likes to experiment with his / her clothes. Such people believe in wearing clothes that are unique, in terms of colours, trimmings, accessories, designs, the style of draping a garment etc. They might consciously or unconsciously give an impetus to a particular style that might get popular. Influential or motivators This group of consumers consists of those individuals who are socially eminent and are an idol for other people, thereby motivating them to adopt a particular style of clothing. They can be movie stars, people who are the whos who of society, politicians, social activists, etc. Their sense of dressing inspires people to follow them. Such peoples style is cashed upon by the manufacturers who start manufacturing in bulk. It can be anything ranging from jewellery, hairstyles, accessories etc. One can rightly give the example of Princess Diana whose style of dressing was an example for quite a few. As monarchies were replaced with democracies, members of the wealthy and international sets came into the fashion spotlight. Whether these rich and wealthy members of society derive their position from vast fortunes and old family names or from recent wealth, they bring glamour that draws attention to everything they do. Today, through the con ­stant eye of television, magazines, and newspa ­pers, the average person is able to find fashion leadership in a whole new stratum of society the jet set. What these glamorous people are doing and what they are wearing are instantly served up to the general public by the media. As far as fashion is concerned, these people are not just in the news; they are the news. Any move they make is im ­portant enough to be immediately publicized. What they wear is of vital interest to the general public. The media tell us what the social leaders wear to dine in a chic restaurant, to attend a charity ball, or to go shopping. Because they are trendsetters, their choices are of prime interest to designers and to the world at large. Of course, this inundation of news about what social leaders wear influences the public. The average person is affected because so many manufacturers and retailers of fashion take their cue from these social leaders. Right or wrong, fashion merchants count on the fashion sense of these leaders. They know that the over ­whelming exposure of these leaders in the media encourages people of ordinary means to rotate them consciously or unconsciously. Fashion today takes its impetus and influence from people in every possible walk of life. These people have one thing in common, how ­ever: they are famous. Because of some special talent, charisma, notoriety, or popularity, they are constantly mentioned and shown on televi ­sion, in fashion magazines, and in newspapers. They may or may not appear in the society pages. In this group can be found presidents and princesses, movie stars and religious leaders, sports figures and recording stars, politicians and TV personalities. Because they are seen so frequently, the public has a good sense of their fashions and lifestyles and can imitate them to the extent of the pub ­lics means and desires. Prominent individuals have been responsible for certain fashions that continue to be associated with them. Fashion followers There are many people who are followers, and good ones. Individuals, who do not like to experiment with new styles, come under the category of fashion followers. They are people who first let the style be tried by people and accepted by society, before going into adapting it. There might be people who like trying but due to lack of resources they are not able to do so. It can be monetary terms or in terms of time. There are even people who do not give a lot of importance to their style of dressing. As for them, clothing is just a basic necessity and therefore wasting time on it is not worthwhile for them. One of the reasons for a person to become a fashion follower is the fear of being singled out as a different sheep in the herd. They like to be just one of the groups. In fact, fashion followers category of people is the most important category as this is the group on which bulk of the work of the fashion industry works. It is for such people that manufacturers get into mass production. Most of the manufacturers cater to this category of people and manufacture whatever style goes along with them. Fol ­lowers are in the majority within any group. Without followers the fashion industry would certainly collapse. Mass production and mass distribution can be possible and profitable only when large number of consumers accepts the product. The styles fashion leaders adopt may help manufacturers and retailers in determining what will be demanded by the majority of con ­sumers in the near future. Only accurate predic ­tions can ensure the continued success of the giant ready to-wear business in this country, which depends for its success on mass produc ­tion and distribution. While fashion leaders may stimulate and excite the fashion industry, fashion followers are the industrys lifeblood. One important section of fashion followers is the people who form the Fashion Victim category. Some followers of fashion become slaves of it and start following the fashion phenomena without considering whether the particular garment suits them or not, as not every outfit or style suit everyone. One has to keep many things under consideration before adorning a garment. For example, physical characteristics of an individual, occasion, climate etc., are few of the important factors that affect the style of clothing. Thus people who blindly follow the fashion trend without considering the fact that it suits them or not, come under the category of fashion victims. Fashion movement Fashion is, in many ways, like a river. A river is always in motion, continuously flowing- sometimes it is slow and gentle, at other times rushing and turbulent. It is exciting, and never the same. It affects those who ride its currents and those who rest on its shores. Its movements depend on the environment. All of this is true of fashion, too. The con ­stant movements of fashion depend on an envi ­ronment made up of social, political, and economic factors. These movements, no matter how obvious or how slight, have both meaning and definite direction. There is a special excite ­ment to interpreting these movements and esti ­mating their speed and direction. Everyone involved in fashion, from the designer to the consumer, is caught up in the movement of fashion. The excitement starts with the textile pro ­ducers. Fully 12 to 18 months before they offer their lines to manufacturers, the textile people must choose their designs, textures, and colors. From three to nine months before showing a line to buyers, the apparel manufacturers begin deciding which styles they will produce and in which fabrics. Then, two to six months before the fashions will appear on the selling floor, the retail buyers make their selections from the manufacturers lines. Finally, the excitement passes on to the consumers, as they select the garments that will be versatile, appropriate, and suitably priced for their individual needs and wants. Successful de ­signers, manufacturers, buyers, and consumers have a good understanding of basic cycles, prin ­ciples, and patterns that operate in the world of fashion. Their predictions are based on this un ­derstanding. Fashion adoption theory According to this theory, there is a category of people who are socially eminent or elite. They might be politician, celebrities, sports player, etc. This category becomes the trendsetters for the other people who start following them. Gradually manufacturers from each category start moulding the fabric and finishing of the garment to fit the pockets of the strata of people they are catering to. This is done till the time the consumer does not lose interest in that particular style. The Trickle-down theory states that the movement of fashion starts at the top with consumers of higher socioeconomic status and moves down to the general public. This is the oldest and most accepted theory of fashion movement. According to this theory, people with lower incomes will only wear fashions that have become popular among consumers with higher incomes at the top of the ladder. As more people begin to wear the fashions, those at the top become less interested and begin looking for something new. Veblen (1899) was one fashion observer at the turn of the 20th century. He put forth Trickle-down theory. Looking around at his or her own time, the observer notices that fashion is still restricted to those at the top of the class structure-the rich and socially prominent. Fashion moves downward from the elite class to the lower classes in stately and slow progression, but never reached all the levels. The lower classes did not have the income, access, or the freedom to follow fashions dictates. He described the upper strata of the social system as the leisure class. Members of the leisure class displayed wealth in two distinctive ways, through conspicuous leisure and conspicuous consumption. They adopt an extravagant lifestyle of travel, entertainment, the pursuit of pleasure, Art collection, and acquisition of luxurious homes and furnishings demonstrate conspicuous consumption demonstrating conspicuous leisure. Highly visible upper class made up of those occu ­pying power positi ons in business, politics, and media. Simmel (1904), a sociologist, identified the engine of fashion change in the opposing human tendencies toward conformity and individuality. Conformity means striv ­ings for social adaptation. The imitator class believes in social similarity, in acting like others. Individuality suggests the need for differentiation. The elite class differentiated itself through fashion, and the adjacent lower classes reproduced the look. The individual seeking differ ­entiation constantly experiments with the new, relying in large part on personal convictions. These dual drives can also be played out in social groups where fashion simultaneously functions as a means of class distinction and as a button / symbol of group uniformity. Mass dissemination theory Due to globalization and better international network, there is mass dissemination of fashion. For example: A show that is conducted in Paris might get appreciated in India and manufacturers start the variants of the same style such that it suits the category they are catering to. With the media playing an important role in everybodys life, the trickle across theory is gaining much more relevance in todays scenario. This theory hypothesizes that designs are produced at all price levels at the same time. The merchandise quality and lines may vary, but new fashion exists for all groups. Within a given fashion season consumers in all socioeconomic groups simultaneously have the freedom to select from a range of styles and this range is sufficient to satisfy personal taste. Imitation and differentiation were still part of the dynamic because others would imitate innovators and influential within their social strata and those fashion leaders would move to new looks. Rather than elite introducing fashion ideas into society, King saw leadership within each social stratum and within each social group. Fashion acceptance begins among several socioeconomic groups and the leaders within each group influence its members. This theory is especially probably in the 21st century because technology allows designer fashions to be copies quickly and easily, making them available to all consumers sooner. Bottom up theory This theory states that the movement of fashion starts with consumers on lower-income levels, then moves to consumers with higher incomes. For example, the denim fabric was first used for work clothing for labors and was later adopted by hippies and other lower socioeconomic groups. From there, the designers adopted denim as a fabric and designed clothing for the higher socioeconomic consumers. Thus it is not necessary that new style statements emerge only from the economically socially eminent people. Fashion dresses Fashions appeal to many different groups and can be categorized according to the group to which they appeal. High fashion High fashion refers to a new style accepted by a limited number of fash ­ion leaders who want to be the first to adopt changes and innovation in fashion. High-fash ­ion styles are generally introduced and sold in small quantities and at relatively high prices. These styles may be limited because they are too sophisticated or extreme to appeal to the needs of the general public, or they are priced well beyond the reach of most people. However, if the style can appeal to a broader audience, it is generally copied, mass-produced, and sold at lower prices. The fashion leaders or innovators who first accepted it then move on to something new. Haute Couture Haute Couture is a French word for very rich quality / fine costume or dress design. Its made to measure tailoring, in simple words it is made to the measurement of a particular customer. It even means the art of dress-making. These clothes are expensive and are worn by celebrities. They have a limited number of clients. From couture originated the word couturier which means a male designer having his own couture house and couturiere means a woman having her own couture house. Haute Couture again a French word means high fashion garments that have finest of fabric and workmanship. Ready to wear Ready to wear fashion is also known as Mass or Volume fashion. These are garments, which are produced in large numbers thereby reducing the cost of production and thereby making the garments less expensive. They are standard sized which makes them more suitable for larger productions. Ready to wear collections can also be divided into Designers collections and street fashion. Designer collection These have a high quality, a superb finish and a unique cut and design. These collections are the most trendsetting compared to Haut Couture and Designer ready to wear collections contain often Concept items which represent a certain philosophy or theory. Generally introduced and sold in small quantities and at relatively high prices. These items are not so much created for mass sales but just to make a statement. The designers ready to wear collection is also presented on the international catwalks. Street fashion To contrast with high fashion, mass fashion consists of styles that are widely accepted. These fashions are widely produced and sold in large quantities at moderate to low prices and appeal to the greatest majority of fashion conscious consumers. Mass fashion accounts tor the majority of sale in the fashion business. Mass fashion is the bread and butter of the fashion banquet! Meaning of design The word Design is used both as a noun and a verb. As a verb, to design refers to the process of originating and developing plan for a product, structure, system, or component within intention. As a noun, a design is used for either the final plan (e.g. proposal, drawing, model, description) or the result of implementing that plan in the form of the final product of a design process. Design is a Visual Language. A language is the medium of communication. Communication is nothing but the transfer of information from sender to receiver with the information being understood by the receiver followed by a feed back to the sender. Visual language is self explanatory, in which the information is passed to the people with the help of signs, sketches, images, photographs and videos. Design is the process of selecting and organizing different elements in order to fulfil a specific target in terms of design. Elements are the basic components or building blocks of a design. A process is a series of actions taken towards achieving a particular goal. Selection process is aimed at carefully choosing things as being the most suitable. Organizing activity aims at arranging all the items or elements in an orderly way. Design is often viewed as a more rigorous form of design, or design with a clearly defined purpose. In Figure 1.2 (a) different components like a big circle, two small circles, a vertical line and an arc are selected. But they do not convey any particular message, because all of these components maintain their separate identity. In Figure 1.2 (b) all these components are organized in such a way that all of them dissolve their own identity in order to constitute a human face. The big circle represents the outline of a face, small circles assume eyes, the vertical line constitutes a nose and the arc represents mouth. In order to learn any language, one should be acquainted well with alphabets and grammar of that language. Elements of design are alphabets of design language whereas principles of design are grammatical syntax of it. Aspects of design Every garment makes a statement. It communicates with you. It has its own identity. It may give illusion to you such as Shy or Outgoing Dashing or cautious Cool or Dull Sophisticated or primitive When you go to the market to purchase a garment,